The 5 Kingdoms Of Life Essays - Cell Biology, Cell, Monera, Protist

The 5 Kingdoms of Life MONERA The Monera Kingdom, though not often recognized by all people, has a profound effect on all of our lives. Its cell structure is simple, containing one or a colony of cells. It has no nucleus, no organelles, a cell membrane, and only certain members of the kingdom have a cell wall. They most often obtain food by photosynthesis or feeding off another dead organism. It can move only through water or the organism that is hosting it. It reproduces not sexual or asexually, but through conjugation and fission. It is environmentally important because of its significance to the food chain. It also produces nitrogen, vitamins, and antibiotics, essential to several other types of life. Some practical examples of this kingdom are bacteria and cyan bacteria.(Smith, E. 1998, Hall, S. 1996, LRC 1997, SER 1998) PROTISTA The Protista kingdom is another kingdom often overlooked in scientific importance. Its cell structure is somewhat more complex than that of the Monera. Most of its components are single-celled organisms, however some are multi-celled. Its cells consist of a nucleus, organelles, vacuole, cell membrane, and some of them also contain a cell wall. It uses many intricate processes to obtain food, such as pseudopodium, photosynthesis, cilia, flagella, as well as photosynthesis. It moves by means of cilia, flagella, and pseudopodium. It can reproduce by conjugation, fission, asexual, and sexual means. In the environment, it produces much the way plants do, while consuming much the way animal do. It is important to its habitat because it stabilizes the food chain, is a human food source, and produces oxygen. Some common protista are plankton, algae, and the amoeba. (Smith, E. 1998, Hall, S. 1996, Southron, F. 1996) FUNGI After careful examination, you will realize that the fungi kingdom is more than just mushrooms. Most of its organisms are single-celled, with some exceptions being multi-cellular. This group has a nucleus, organelles, a cell membrane, as well as a cell wall present in all fungi that is absent from the previously mentioned kingdoms. It obtains food in majority from absorbs ion, partnership, and leeching from decaying organisms. Its only movement is that of the host; which it is connected to. They reproduce by spore, as well as by asexual budding. They are helpful because they produce antibiotics and also help in fermentation. Some organisms that are members of the fungi kingdom are mushrooms, molds, mildews, and yeast. (Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S. 1996, Lista, D. 1998) PLANTAE The planate (more commonly plant) kingdom holds some interesting properties. Unlike the previously mentioned kingdoms, the planate consists only of multi-celled organisms. All members of the group known as planate contain a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, cell wall, as well as a vacuole. Their major source of food comes from the process of photosynthesis. Its only movement is in growth, where it gravitates toward the most prominent light source. It reproduces through a complex process of Propagation, which consists of grafting, budding, cutting, and layering. It is used in its envierment for a food source as well as a medicine. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses, and ferns all call the planate kingdom their kingdom.( Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S., 1996, USDA, 1999) ANIMALIA We finally reach the kingdom which we as human beings call home, the kingdom more commonly known as the animal kingdom. The Animalia and Planate kingdoms are the only two which consist exclusively of multi-celled organisms. The cells of a member of the animalia kingdom consist of a nucleus, organelles, cell membrane, as well as the vacuole. They obtain food mainly from preying on another species or consuming a previously deceased organism. They have muscular movement through water, air, and soil. Its main role in the envierment is consumers. However, they also provide an important food source for other members of its kingdom. Some Animalia kingdom members are mammals, amphibians, sponges, and worms. (Smith, E., 1998, Hall, S., ,1996

Bumblebees, Genus Bombus

Bumblebees, Genus Bombus Bumblebees are familiar insects in our gardens and backyards. Still, you might be surprised by how much you dont know about these important pollinators. The genus name, Bombus, comes from the Latin for booming. Description Most people recognize the large, furry bees that visit backyard flowers as bumblebees. Fewer probably know that they are social bees, with a caste system of the queen, workers, and reproductives cooperating to meet the needs of the colony. Bumblebees range in size from about half an inch to a full inch in length. Patterns in their bands of yellow and black, along with the occasional red or orange, help indicate their species. However, bumblebees of the same species can vary quite a bit. Entomologists rely on other features, such as genitalia, to confirm a bumblebees identity. Cuckoo bumblebees, genus Psithyrus, resemble other bumblebees but lack the ability to gather pollen. Instead, these parasites invade Bombus nests and kill the queen. The Psithyrus bees then lay their eggs in the collected pollen in the conquered nest. This group is sometimes included as a subgenus of Bombus. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HymenopteraFamily - ApidaeGenus - Bombus Diet Bumblebees feed on pollen and nectar. These efficient pollinators forage on both wildflowers and crops. Adult females use modified hind legs equipped with corbicula to carry pollen to their offspring. Nectar is stored in the honey stomach, or crop, in the digestive system. Larvae receive meals of regurgitated nectar and pollen until they pupate. Life Cycle Like other bees, bumblebees undergo a complete metamorphosis with four stages to the life cycle: Egg – The queen lays eggs in a pollen clump. Then she or a worker bee incubates the eggs for four days.Larva – The larvae feed on pollen stores, or on regurgitated nectar and pollen provided by the worker bees. In 10-14 days, they pupate.Pupa – For two weeks, the pupae remain inside their silk cocoons. The queen incubates the pupae as she did her eggs.Adult – Adults assume their roles as workers, male reproductives, or new queens. Special Adaptations and Defenses Before flying, a bumblebees flight muscles must be warmed to around 86 Â °F. Since most bumblebees live in climates where cool temperatures may occur, they cannot rely on the ambient warmth of the sun to achieve this. Instead, bumblebees shiver, vibrating the flight muscles at a high speed but keeping the wings still. The familiar buzz of the bumblebee comes not from the wings themselves, but from these vibrating muscles. The bumblebee queen must also generate heat when she incubates her eggs. She shivers muscles in the thorax, then transfers the heat to her abdomen by contracting muscles down her body. The warmed abdomen stays in contact with the developing young as she sits on her nest. Female bumblebees come equipped with stingers and will defend themselves if threatened. Unlike their cousins the honey bees, bumblebees can sting and live to tell about it. The bumblebees sting lacks barbs, so she can easily retrieve it from the flesh of her victim and attack again if she chooses. Habitat Good bumblebee habitat supplies adequate flowers for foraging, especially early in the season when the queen emerges and prepares her nest. Meadows, fields, parks, and gardens all provide food and shelter for bumblebees. Range Members of the genus Bombus live mostly in temperate areas of the globe. Range maps show Bombus spp. throughout North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Arctic. Some introduced species are also found in Australia and New Zealand. Sources Bumble bees - The Great Sunflower Project (article no longer available online)Bombus BiologyBumblebees: Their Behavior and Ecology, by Dave Goulson

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example This results in organizational politics which may be good or bad for the company depending on the intent of those playing politics. Some play a fair game and for the benefit of the organization while others play politics to achieve personal ends. The question that begs answers therefore, is; is it possible or desirable to eliminate organizational politics? In this essay, I will argue that it is not possible to eliminate organizational politics as long as there are resources to be shared and it is not even desirable to do so as it supports company growth. Organizational politics is defined by Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 387) as â€Å"the activities carried out by people to acquire, enhance and use power and other resources to obtain desired outcomes in a situation where there is uncertainty or disagreement.† Power is very vital in organizations as it determines who gets what, when and how and as such it is not unusual to find employees especially managers fighting for power so as to gain control (Gilmore & Williams 2013: 80). Sometimes power is achieved by the mere fact of a persons position in the organization (legitimate, coercive & reward power) hence those in power use all means to reserve it or gain it by ascending to a position of authority. This entails engaging in political behavior to achieve such ends especially if they feel their position is threatened. This political behavior (Cavanaugh, Moberg and Velasques 1981: 368) can be used for ethical or unethical purposes and should be avoided if it does not respect the ri ghts of all affected parties, does not respect canons of justice and does not lead to efficient optimization of satisfaction of interests inside and outside organization. Although it may be unethical, Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 388) argue that trying to eliminate political behavior will seldom, if ever, work. Instead, this may increase the behavior due to resulting uncertainty and ambiguity. They argue that politics may provide possible

CoverGirl Cosmetics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CoverGirl Cosmetics - Research Paper Example ed by any organization would influence the financial ratios and therefore business objectives would also be reflected in the financial ratios of the organization. For instance, if an organization is expanding its business and trying to improve its profitability then the financial ratios would reflect an improvement in profit margin, operating margin as well as other ratios that are used to measure the productivity and profitability of the company. Three most important ratios for organizations are operating margin, net profit margin and total assets turnover. CoverGirl Cosmetics is the company selected for this report and as the company is a business unit of Procter and Gamble therefore financial statement of P&G’s beauty division has been used to calculate the financial ratios. In order to calculate the industry average ratios; two firms have been selected besides CoverGirl Cosmetics and these firms are Revlon and L’oreal. The following table shows the important financial figures required to calculate three

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project Assignment

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project - Assignment Example Actually, the establishment of this plant has been of much significance to the company. As a matter of fact, the beverage sector has become so competitive. Although the management of the Coca-Cola Inc. deeply understands much about it, they acknowledge that a lot still need to be done. For the company to continue enjoying a large share of the market, especially in this market, it needs to put in place a team of competent, highly qualified and motivated managers. These will be conserved about the management of its human, financial and all the other resources. Once the company has such management, it will be much possible for it to discharge all its operations without many challenges. First, the management will do this by hiring a large pool of professional employees to work for the company. Besides, they will be highly motivated to ensure that their productivity is boosted. Moreover, through a proper utilization of the company’s resources, the organization will manage to come up with novel ideas and viable strategies to improve the company’s products, quality of services to the satisfaction of all its clients. All these should be properly done as they can enable the company to record a tremendous growth. Once it can satisfy its clients, it will definitely have to accomplish its set short and long-term objectives. As part of the larger Coca-Cola Incorporations, Al Ahlia Gulf Line acknowledges that the satisfaction of its clients’ diverse needs is the corner stone of its success. Just like the rest of the stakeholders, the customers constitute a very significant section of the company. Without them, nothing much can be achieved. For this reason, the company has dedicated its time to ensure that the clients are provided with the necessary services and products which they always require. Beverage is a very popular product which is consumed by a large number of people in the country. However, this does not necessarily mean that the company is assured of

Forming a regional trade agreement advantages and disadvantages

Forming a regional trade agreement advantages and disadvantages Since World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995, the number of its membership has increased to 153 countries by 2010. Recently, a phenomenon is observed. As countries pursue trade liberalization under the multilateral standard of WTO, more and more regional economic integration are conducted. Many members in WTO sign new regional trading Arrangements (RTAs) to deepen each regional trade reaction. Because positions and demand for different trade issue are often diverse to the regional member countries, the negotiations become more and more difficult. Consequently, the trend of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreement rises gradually. Besides, due to the bitter competition in the global market, countries also exert to obtain trade partners. Countries found thorough forming regional trade agreements could be an easy way to enhance trade reaction with their close trade partners. According to RTA database offered by WTO (2010), 371 RTAs related to WTO have been announc ed and 193 of them were in force by 31 July 2010Figure 1 shows the evolution of the average number of RTA partners for the current members of the World Trade Organization (WTO): the average WTO member now has agreements with more than 15 countries. Therefore, regional economic integration has become one of the main trends in the present global economic development. In recent years, the global economic system expands gradually by the reaction between the forces of regionalization and globalization. The following offer a general historical data of regional integrations. First, the trend of Regional Integration can be traced back to the 1950s. The 1950s saw European Communities (EC), the most important and representative regional integration case, was established. Then in the 1960s, numerous regional integrations were conducted by Africa, Latin America and other developing countries. Continually, United State is considered to be the main thrust of regional economic cooperation during the mid 1980s and the1990s. During this period, except for lasting the free trade agreement with Canada and Israel, also United State promoted to arrange North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Meanwhile, In Europe, the target of expansion and cross-regional cooperation are approached by European Union (EU). On the side of the expansion, Greece, Spain and Portugal were subsumed in the 1980s and the steps were followed by Sweden, Finland and Austria during the 1990s. Then, in the 2000s, Czech Republic and other eleven countr ies also attended European Union and four more countries, for instance, Turkey, are candidate to join. A growth in membership in European Union is expected. On the other hand, the aspect of cross-regional economic integration is also approached. To ensure the market share and position in America area, European Union urged to conduct free trade agreements with Mexico and MERCOSUR. As a result, the free trade agreement was announced with Mexico in 2000 and became the first free trade agreement conducted with Latin American Countries. Compared with Europe and America area, it is entirely reasonable to make the analogy in East Asia. One of the representative regional integrations in East Asia is ASEAN. ASEAN, namely Association of South East Asian Nations, was established in 1967, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand five countries. The original motivation of ASEAN is to prevent the spread of communism and to improve the regional trade reaction and cooperation. Since its establishment, there has been 40 year of its history. On 8 Jan 1984, the membership increased to six with the join of Brunei, and these six countries are called the founding members of ASEAN. Then they were followed by Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia in the 1990s so that current membership expands to 10 countries. The communism prevailed when the time ASEAN was formed. As a consequence, the political purpose was more than economic one in that period so there was no free trade agreement until 1992 the founding membe rs signed ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). A gradually tariff reduction in member countries, which is called Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT), was planed to be achieved before 2008. As in 1999 the thirteenth meeting of the ASEAN Free Trade Area decided CEPT should be achieved earlier and decided non-tariff among members instead of the initial target. Then AFTA was in force with the founding countries of ASEAN in 2003 and non-tariff in all members was planed to be reached by 2015. Above is the development of ASEAN free trade agreement. Next, a difficult position of Taiwan will be introduced. Asian financial Crisis happened in 1997 and conduced the willingness of East Asia countries to cooperate. Since 1999, those important trade partners of Taiwan in Asia have committed to access the forming of free trade agreement. For example, Japan and Singapore signed Japan-Singapore in 2002 and in force in the same year. Also after AFTA was conducted, China, South Korea and Japan, three large economy countries in East Asia, had pursued to sign FTAs with ASEAN. In December 1999, ASEAN announced to impose cooperation in their economic with China, Japan, and South Korea, which is called ASEAN+3. According to Picture I, it reveals the ASEAN+3 member countries on the world map: the dark ink represents the members and, comparatively, Taiwan is circled to be pointed out. An interesting discovery is found: although being a country located in East Asia, Taiwan is excluded from ASE AN+3. Due to some political problem, Taiwan has just signed 5 free trade agreements with other countries and none of them are Asia countries. Table 1 see the export trade amount of Taiwan with ASEAN+3 countries. The export amount occupied 66% of total Taiwan export so that if ASEAN+3 non-tariff target is achieved (in fact ASEAN and China free trade agreement has progressed on 1 Jan 2010), Taiwan would face a difficult trade position. Therefore, to avoid being isolated away by other trade partners and to deepen the cooperation with them, accessing advantages and disadvantages of forming a regional trade agreement become necessary. To analyze those advantages and disadvantages of forming a RTA, an understanding in regional trade agreements is important. Also, to know whether any limit exist to forming a RTA, a good way is to review the international trade criteria given by GATT and WTO. Hence, in the discussion, a two-phase study was designed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of forming regional trade agreements. First of all, there are three branches in the former phase. In the first branch, to realize what regional trade agreement is, the paper examines the theories of regionalism and all types of regional economics integrations. It is worthy to understand regional trade agreement from its original intention and distinguish those differences. Second branch provides an overview of the organizations, which aim for improving international trade. For example, a comparison between World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Europe Union and Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN) will be made to clarify their objectives of the establishment. We will see a conflict between the globalization and the regionalization. Last branch reveals two forces which against each others, namely trade creation and trade diversion. These two forces determine the gain or loss of a regional economic integration. In the second part of the study, an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages will be offered, based on the knowledge provided in the first part of the studies. The remainder of this paper is divided into four sections. The next section of the article is a review of the literature; addressing both empirical and theoretical aspects of regionalism, worldwide trade organizations, trade creation and trade diversion. Section III describes the development of regionalism and provides empirical economic integration to support that. Using the background provided in the section III, section IV analyses the advantages and disadvantages of forming regional trade agreement. In the end of the paper, section V concludes. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Trade economists have being going the effort on whether the formation of a regional trade agreement will lead member countries to be better off. A common concept to analyze gain or loss of a RTA was given by Viner. In his crucial work, The Customs Union Issue, two forces, which decide whether a RTA better off the member countries, were well indicated, namely trade creation and trade diversion. Viner noted that preferential agreement member countries would have lower tariff barrier than non-members due to the preferential tariff and therefore trade creation effect and trade diversion effect are produced. Trade creation effect is generated because the bloc members increased each others intra-bloc import and export when a preferential tariff reduction or removal is induced, and consequently bilateral trade amount increases. In addition, the low-efficiency production in domestic provider would be replaced by high-efficiency providers in other bloc countries so that home countries can con sume this product with lower social cost. In contract, Trade diversion might be happened when a preferential treat is offered in member countries. Originally home country imports products form those high-production efficiency countries; however, due to the preferential tariff home town might import products from those low-production efficiency countries so that the social cost to consume this product rise and decrease domestic social welfare. Trade creation is a positive effect to domestic social welfare and trade diversion is negative. If trade creation effect is greater than trade diversion effect, home social welfare increase. Conversely, it would be harmful if trade diversion is greater. In The Customs Union Issue, Viner made a crucial conclusion that the formation of customs union has no certain welfare effect to members welfare due to these two trade forces. Accordingly, economists doubt whether we can prevent trade diversion as forming an RTA. Ohyama , Kemp and Wan proved customs union improve the welfare of members as given a fixed trade amount between members and non-members. On the contrast, if a change in nonmember trade amount would lead an uncertain welfare effect. Even Kemp and Wan theoretically showed that members improve their welfare completely in the fixed trade amount with outsider, that sounds once given an unchanging treat to outsider, the world must be better off. It implies through a negotiated optimal tariff we can create economic benefit and prevent being hurt from trade diversion; however, many empirical observations reveal that countries usually choose the trade policies which results trade diversion when they forming a RTA, namely RTAs benefit members and worse off nonmembers. The implication is Kemp-Wan result might not be the trade equilibrium. In fact, there exist other factors influencing the trade outcome of RTAs. The formation of an RTA related to political, economic and regional factors, the external tariff might be influenced not only economically but also politically. For example, lobbying might cause a distortion in government optimal external tariff adjustment. Thus, as we analyze the trade effect we better to account those factors in. In these few decades, economists focus on these two trade effects in RTAs and question whether RTAs generate more trade diversion or trade creation. Is RTA more trade diverting? Freund and Ornelas noted in principle RTAs can generate either net trade creation or net trade diversion, we must remember that participation in any RTA is a political decision. Thus only some types of agreements will be formed, depending on the objectives of governments. Except for the intension to maximize the social welfare, the decision whether to take RTAs might be influenced by specific-interest groups. Some literatures indicate domestic political factor might be a better way to explain FTA phenomenon. Grossman and Helpman reckoned domestic powerful specific-interest group usually lobby their government with huge money and resources to conduct RTAs which advantage them. Milner offered a similar viewpoint as well. He considered those export-oriented companies usually push government to enter a preferential trade agreement (PTA) to enlarge the bloc market which disadvantage outside companies. The powerful domestic companies have influences to the government election outcome so th at the relationship between lobbying and election outcome is another factor to be taken to examine the influence on RTAs. Above sounds RTA generates more trade diversion due to non-trade effects, but it still needs evidences Empirics of trade creation and trade diversion Unfortunately, the estimation of trade diversion is not an easy work. As above mentioned, the estimation has to account into both trade and non-trade factors which influence RTA outcome, therefore, a gravity equation is used to help this issue. The equation provides a theoretical way to examine whether a RTA generates more trade creation or trade diversion. The concept of natural trading partners were first proposed by Wonnacott and Lutz . They pointed that the agreements, which are conducted with those geographically close countries and similar culture countries, are likely to attain more trade creation. Tinbergen and Poyhonen successively used gravity model in international trade analysis and used it to research world trade flow and size. Tinbergen hence pointed bilateral trade flow and bilateral economic size have a positive relationship and have a oppose relationship with their geographical distance. Frankel applied gravity model to examine the natural trade partner hypothesis. He analyses the trade flow effect in different regional integrations by using different dummy variables like culture, whether they have common border or same languages etc. He reckoned gravity model is the best instrument to judge trade creation effect and trade diversion effect. Frankel used the data between 1965 and 1992 to examine the regional effect. When two countries belong to the same regional integration, then regional dummy effect is 1; therefore 0. The estimated correlation coefficient represents how many trade flows can be attributed to specific regional trade effect. The empirical result revealed the correlation coefficient in each variable was all significant. He found two-country GNP coefficient is less than 1. That means trade amount will not rise proportionally when the economic size of both countries increase 1. Also the distance coefficient is negative, that represents the trade decrease with an increase in distance. The distance result is similar to the result of Tinbergen. Frankel also found the same language and the same border has a positive influence to trade flow. For each regional variable, the outcome shows the regional trade effect is significant in Europe Union, MERCOSUR, Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relationship, and Andean Group, yet not significant in NAFTA. Frankel provided evidence for natural trade partners hypothesis by using gravity equation. Clausing used HS-10 digit import data of United State to access CUSFTA. She found due to the agreement signed in 1994 the import of the US from Canada had increased 26 percentage. the import from Canada increased half amount since 1989 to 1994 and Clausing attributed it to tariff reduction decision in CUSFTA. She found that trade creation are more general than trade diversion in most of cases. Furthermore, RTAs increase bilateral trade between members . Their research points there is no significant trade reduction between members and non-members be found. Other studies also examined the impact of regional integration to trade effect. For Europe Union, Kreinin pointed the establishment and east-expansion of EU would cause little trade diversion and huge trade creation. A distinct evidence was provided by Chang and Winer . They found the formation of MERCOSUR do hurt non-members but as Calvo-Pardo et al. pointed, MERCOSUR is a customs union (CU), which is different from CUSTA, NAFTA those FTAs. According to the literatures above, we found in most cases RTAs except MERCOSUR are likely to trade creating more than trade diverting. As well, if countries, which are natural partners, sign an RTA, it would benefit them. That is because the similar culture, for example, language, may reduce transaction cost. Consequently, the trade creation effect has more opportunity to be greater than trade diversion. That gives the incentive of government to negotiate an RTA with their close countries. Adjustment in External Tariffs Another issue trade economist cared is optimal external tariffs after forming a RTA. The original Vinerian assessments of trade creation and trade diversion are normally constraint to the policies fixed. However, there is at least a trade policy those RTA members would use: external tariff policy. Kennan and Riezman (1990) were the first to examine the optimal external tariffs after RTA was formed and they found the formations of RTAs are usually with external tariff reduction. Also, the same result was in several literatures. To avoid the welfare costs of trade diversion, optimal external tariffs seem to be lower in RTAs. Kennan and Riezman pointed there is coordination of common external tariff under CU. Unlike CU, FTA members have authority to set their external tariff unilaterally. Kennan and Riezman use this key different chrematistic between CU and FTA to see the external tariff adjustment outcome after the formation of RTAs. Another issue we will discuss in this section is the influence of lobbying to the formation of a RTA. In section II we reviewed those structural characteristics, which lead to more trade creation or trade diversion, of RTA members. Intuitively, bloc countries are willing to attain more trade creation and to reduce more trade diversion so that they can achieve the objective of social welfare maximizing, yet as mentioned in Section II the formation of RTAs are not only economically, more important, also politically. There are some incentives bloc countries hold to adjust their specific product external tariff rate so that they can achieve their objectives (no matter what that is). Thus, this section will introduce those incentives that members are likely to alter their external tariff and the reaction to members external tariff under the formation of RTAs, which is what we concerned. That will help us to figure out whether the political force would lead distortion among the RTA formati on. Incentives to alter external tariffs in RTAs with empirics The incentives to alter external tariffs in RTAs can be clarified generally in three main parts: the incentive due to CU, due to FTA and due to domestic producer influence. We will discuss them in the following content. The external tariff policy adjustment might be influenced by different types of RTAs. In CU their external tariff are coordinated by all members, on contrast, FTA members have more authorities on their own external tariff. Thus, the motivation in different types of RTAs might be different. Firstly, we examine the incentive to alter external tariff rate of CU members. According to Kenan and Riezman , the equilibrium external tariffs are also observed being higher than FTAs. They concluded two points. One is a custom union allows its members to internalize their tariff externality when bloc members import the same product. Another, a customs union makes several countries into one larger one and enlarges their market power. Similarly, the analysis of Bond, et al. also clarified the external tariff in an FTA would be lower in a CU due to the lack of external tariff coordination. Preferential margin is the differences between external tariff and preferential tariff rate. Higher external tariff leads to higher preferential margin. Also, the higher the preferential margin is, the larger the discrimination and trade diversion effect are. Therefore, inter-bloc countries benefit more from the CU agreement due to the discrimination effect. As what Kennan and Riezman found, Richardson indicated there is an intention of external tariffs to be reduced under FTA. The phenomenon is called the tariff complementary effect. Relative to customs union, there is neither large market power nor external tariff coordination effect under FTAs. Even so, motivations to alter external policies still exist. A simple way to think is that: trade creation is created due to the preferential tariff among the FTA members and trade diversion is generated simultaneously. An effective trade policy against trade diversion that government holds is external tariff policies. Hence, if a preferential trade agreement comes with a reduction of external tariff, it would enhance both the total welfare in the world and reduce a hurting on non-members. However, an issue is whether the external tariff should be removed under a FTA. Bond, et al. reckoned the implication of the lack of external policy coordination is that the optimal external tariff for an FTA should be positive. Logically, a principle is that external tariff for outsider should no less than preferential tariff for insider so that the agreement would not be meaningless. As what have mentioned in Chapter 2, there are some non-trade factors also affect the trade effects. The one which is broadly discussed is the effect of lobbying to external tariff in a RTA. When political motivations are concluded in, the net trade effect will become ambiguous. Empirics of external tariff adjustment in RTAs With protection, are RTAs more trade diverting? The impact of regionalism on multilateralism Kyle and Robert examined whether exceptions from MFN for the purpose of forming preferential agreements can lead to lower external tariffs, and thereby to a more efficient tariff structure unter the multilateral agreement. imply that the formation of the FTA benefits ROW. These findings differ from those that arise under a CU where typically there is a smaller external tariff reduction (or even an increase). This occurs because CU members jointly choose the external tariff to maximize union welfare, thus internalizing the positive tariff externality that exists whenever two countries import the same good from ROW. With the objective function that we consider, a CU will always be preferred to an FTA for symmetric member countries because of its more favorable market power effects25. Thus, while this model does not provide a positive theory of FTA formation, it does point out how international distributional effects differ between FTAs and CUs. It also suggests that, in the short run, FTAs are more appealing from a world welfare perspective because they imply relatively less aggressive tariff setting for their members.

Willa Cathers Short Story Pauls Case Essay example -- Willa Cather P

Willa Cather's Short Story "Paul's Case"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Willa Cather’s short story Paul’s Case we learn of a young man who is fighting what he fears most: to be as common and plain as his world around him. How others perceive Paul only encourages him to fulfill his dream of escaping his monotonous lifestyle. Paul feels he is drowning in his everyday environment and his only breath of air is his savior: the theater.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul has very little interest in his class studies. This leaves him open to distraction and eventually criticism. Although Paul’s appearance is that of a perfect gentleman, his teachers find his behavior inappropriate and unacceptable. The narrator draws particular attention to Paul’s eyes describing them as â€Å"remarkable for a certain hysterical brilliancy†(Cather 245); this is followed by the response of his teachers who find it â€Å"peculiarly offensive in a boy†(Cather 245). Paul’s meeting with the schools principal continues as each of his teachers get an opportunity to voice their disgust with Paul. The whole time Paul stands there never losing his smile. This is dubbed â€Å"irritating to the last degree† (Cather 246). For Paul this is his sign of strength. He refuses to allow his teachers, of such simple minds, to tear at his soul. They have no understanding of Paul’s behavior and do not wish to learn. A fter the meeting his teachers felt remorse for their onslaught against this mere boy. One remarked on the similarity to a â€Å"miserable street cat set at bay by a r...

E. B. White’s Charlotte’s Web: A Review Essay

Introduction A friend is someone who falls somewhere between intimate love relationships and casual relationships. In a love relationship the binding force is either kinship or marriage with full sexual priveleges. Casual relationships carry no obligations with them. They are comprised of of next door neighbors or work relationships in which there is brief and superficial contact. Nothing deeply personal is revealed and there is no sense of mutual obligation. People exchange greetings and pleasantries in ways that are polite. On the other hand, friendship relationships are neither sexual nor kinship in nature. However, there is a sense of mutual obligation and friends feel deep emotional ties. More than anything friendship relationships are based on a kind of intimacy. How would you feel if you had to give up a cute little pet? What would you do if a friend’s life was in danger? How far would you go to protect someone or something you care about? Discover these answers and more when you read one of the most beloved and well known books of all time, Charlotte’s Web! This is a story about friendship, compassion, caring, and loyalty. Here you will meet Fern, a girl who lives on a farm, Wilbur a tiny, lovable, runt pig, Charlotte, a clever and wise spider, and Templeton, the hungry rat. Come and see how these characters meet and become friends and how one of them will save the life of another. Summary Charlotte’s Web is a children’s novel by American author E. B. White and  illustrated by Garth Williams; it was published in 1952 by Harper & Brothers. It features a pig named Wilbur and his spider friend Charlotte who saves him from slaughter. One morning at the breakfast table, eight year old Fern sees her father leave the house with an axe and asks her mother where he’s going. Her mother delivers the shocking news that Mr Arable is going out to kill a runt that was born the night before. Fern chases her father down and persuades him to spare the runt, telling him that it is unjust to kill a piglet just because it is small. Moved by his daughter’s plea, Mr Arable decides to give the runt to her to look after. Fern names the piglet Wilbur and looks after him like a baby, pushing him in her pram alongside her doll and feeding him with a bottle. At five weeks old Mr Arable insists that Wilbur is sold and he goes to live in the Zuckerman barn down the road . Wilbur initially struggles at the barn because he misses Fern so much but soon he becomes acquainted with new friends, the best of whom is a lady grey spider called Charlotte. Wilbur is fascinated by Charlotte, although to begin with he is slightly suspicious of the way she catches her food – he doesn’t like the idea that she spins bugs in her web and sucks their blood. He soon realizes that Charlotte is everything but cruel and bloodthirsty and that her method of eating is entirely necessary for a spider. Wilbur is complete happy during the summer days – Fern comes to visit and his new friend tells him exciting stories and has the patience to try and coach him about how to spin a web (although she knows fine well he will never be able to) but one day he gets some terrible news that puts an end to his carefree attitude. The sheep tells Wilbur that Mr Zuckerman is fattening him up for Christmas dinner and Wilbur is distraught – he is so happy on the farm and doesn’t want to die. Charlotte calms him down and promises him that she won’t let him be killed. She hasn’t worked out how to save him yet, but she is determined that she will. One morning as Lurvy pours Wilbur’s slops, he notices Charlotte’s twinkling spider web in the morning fog. The words ‘SOME PIG’ have been weaved into the web. Lurvy is gobsmacked and utters a prayer. He quickly tells Mr Zuckerman who is equally amazed and soon the news spreads near and far. Worried that people may be getting bored of ‘SOME PIG’, Charlotte asks Templeton the rat to aid her in finding more words to write in her web. Knowing that if Wilbur is killed he won’t have access to his slops,  Templeton reluctantly scavenges for newspaper clippings to help Charlotte. The next word she writes is ‘TERRIFIC’ and after that, ‘RADIANT.’ Meanwhile, Mrs Arable is concerned that Fern is spending too much time down at the barn and becomes even more alarmed when her daughter tells her about Charlotte and the stories Charlotte tells. Mrs Arable decides to go and see Dr. Dorian to ask him what he makes of Fern thinking the animals can talk and what he makes of the mysterious writing in the web. Dr Dorian is very calm and rational and says that the real miracle is not the writing in the web but the fact that a spider instinctively knows how to build a web without any tuition. He says that it is quite possible that animals can talk and that the reason that adults cannot hear them might be because they talk too much to hear what is going on in nature. With the news of Zuckerman’s famous pig spreading, the Zuckermans and Arables decide to take Wilbur to the County Fair. Charlotte agrees to go too although she is feeling tired and soon has to build a sac to hold her eggs. At the fair, Charlotte is disappointed to see that beside Wilbur’s pen is a much larger spring pig called Uncle. Knowing he is fierce competition, Charlotte decides to spin another web and once again Templeton is sent off to find a word. The adults and children enjoy themselves at the fair and Avery and Fern are particularly excited that they are allowed to go off without their parents all afternoon. Fern spends all afternoon with Henry Fussy and they go on the Ferris wheel together. For months after, Fern will look back nostalgically at her time on the Ferris wheel with Henry. Before nightfall Charlotte weaves her web with the new word ‘HUMBLE’ written into it and throughout the night she makes her egg sac. In the morning the Zuckermans and Arables see the web but they also notice that Uncle has a blue tag on his pen – he has already won first prize. Mr Zuckerman ignores the tag and tells everyone to buck up and give Wilbur a buttermilk bath. Everyone who comes to Wilbur’s pen has something good to say about him. Suddenly, over the loudspeaker a voice is heard asking Zuckerman to bring his famous pig to the judges’ booth for a special award. Wilbur is awarded a medal for being phenomenal and completely out of the ordinary and Mr Zuckerman is given $25. Since the writing first appeared in the web, the miracle has been on everyone’s mind. After the press photos and the commotion, Wilbur is returned to his pen. Wilbur notices that Charlotte is quiet and looks unwell. She tells him that  she is content now that she knows he is safe – she knows Mr Zuckerman will never harm him now, but she tells Wilbur that she is failing and will be dead in a day or two. Panicked and distraught Wilbur races around the pen, begging Charlotte to come home with him, but she hasn’t enough energy to move. Wilbur decides to take Charlotte’s egg sac and promises Templeton first choice of his slops if he retrieves the sac. As Wilbur carries the sac in his mouth and is led into the crate, he winks at Charlotte and she musters all the energy she can to wave goodbye. The next day, as the Ferris wheel is being taken apart, Charlotte dies. Back at the Zuckerman’s, Wilbur is given a noisy welcome home. He waits patiently for the birth of Charlotte’s children and often looks longingly at her empty, broken web. When her children are finally born, Wilbur is distraught to see them let out loose clouds of fine silk that carries them far away on the breeze. Three of Charlotte’s children stay in the barn with Wilbur, however and become his good friends. Year after year new spiders are born to replace the old but no one ever replaces Charlotte in Wilbur’s heart. Conclusion This book is especially good for first time readers who have taken the big jump from short stories to a real novel. It is easy reading and the talking animals captivate the young children. An affectionate, sometimes bashful pig named Wilbur befriends a clever spider named Charlotte, who lives in the rafters above his pen. A prancing, playful pig, Wilbur is devastated when he learns of the destiny that befalls all those of pork animal persuasion. Determined to save her friend, Charlotte spins a web that reads â€Å"Some Pig,† convincing the farmer and surrounding community that Wilbur is no ordinary animal and should be saved. In this story of friendship, hardship, and the passing on into time, E.B. White reminds us to open our eyes to the wonder and miracle often found in the simplest of things.

Free Essays on Iago As Protaginist In Othello

IAGO AS THE PROTAGONIST IN OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE When reading Othello, society cannot help but to sympathize with The Moor. Othello was presented as a â€Å"Valiant soldier† and a husband totally enamored of his wife, Desdemona. At the end, Othello strangled his beloved wife because he believed she has slept with another man. Othello does not fall from grace in our minds because he kills Desdemona. He falls from grace because she’s innocent and he has been tricked, and even then we still forgive him. Iago, on the other hand, was cast as a conniving villain whose life quest is to destroy the Moor. He doesn’t simply plot against the moor for no reason; he is taking revenge for the wrongs done on to him. Why is there no compassion for Iago? In the first act we learn that Iago participated in combat with Othello, and had expected to become Othello’s lieutenant. Iago tells Rodrigo, â€Å"three great ones of the city, in personal suit to make me his lieutenant†¦Nonsuits my mediators: for,’Certes,’ says he, ‘I have already chose my officer.’†¦One Michael Cassio,†¦that never set a squadron on the field, nor the division of battle knows†¦And I (of whom his eyes had seen the proof at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds† (1.1.8-10, 16-17, 20-23, 28-29). Others also felt Iago should have been promoted; there were three people in high standing who spoke to Othello on his behalf. Further more, Othello chose Cassio as his right hand man, even though Cassio is not a solider but a scholar who has never been on the battlefield. Cassio had not proven himself in warfare as Iago has at Rhodes and Cyprus. There is no question that Iago merited the position. To rub salt in the wound Iago believed that his wife, Emilia, and Othello have been intimate. â€Å"And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets H’as done my office† (1.3.381-382). Still there is no catharsis for Iago because there is not enough proof to warr... Free Essays on Iago As Protaginist In Othello Free Essays on Iago As Protaginist In Othello IAGO AS THE PROTAGONIST IN OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE When reading Othello, society cannot help but to sympathize with The Moor. Othello was presented as a â€Å"Valiant soldier† and a husband totally enamored of his wife, Desdemona. At the end, Othello strangled his beloved wife because he believed she has slept with another man. Othello does not fall from grace in our minds because he kills Desdemona. He falls from grace because she’s innocent and he has been tricked, and even then we still forgive him. Iago, on the other hand, was cast as a conniving villain whose life quest is to destroy the Moor. He doesn’t simply plot against the moor for no reason; he is taking revenge for the wrongs done on to him. Why is there no compassion for Iago? In the first act we learn that Iago participated in combat with Othello, and had expected to become Othello’s lieutenant. Iago tells Rodrigo, â€Å"three great ones of the city, in personal suit to make me his lieutenant†¦Nonsuits my mediators: for,’Certes,’ says he, ‘I have already chose my officer.’†¦One Michael Cassio,†¦that never set a squadron on the field, nor the division of battle knows†¦And I (of whom his eyes had seen the proof at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds† (1.1.8-10, 16-17, 20-23, 28-29). Others also felt Iago should have been promoted; there were three people in high standing who spoke to Othello on his behalf. Further more, Othello chose Cassio as his right hand man, even though Cassio is not a solider but a scholar who has never been on the battlefield. Cassio had not proven himself in warfare as Iago has at Rhodes and Cyprus. There is no question that Iago merited the position. To rub salt in the wound Iago believed that his wife, Emilia, and Othello have been intimate. â€Å"And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets H’as done my office† (1.3.381-382). Still there is no catharsis for Iago because there is not enough proof to warr...

Determinates of peace consist essays

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